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5-6/2024 |
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| RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVA | ||
| Uredništvo HŠD-a | 217 | |
| The scientific and professional character of Forestry Journal |  
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| IZVORNI ZNANSTVENI ČLANCI | ||
| Igor Poljak, Zlatko Šatović, Antonio Vidaković, Katarina Tumpa, Marilena Idžojtić | https://doi.org/10.31298/sl.148.5-6.1 |
219 |
| Population variability of rosemary willow (Salix eleagnos Scop.) based on leaf morphometry: evidence of small and large-leaf morphotypes |
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| Summary Phenotypic differentiation is often the result of the ecological diversity of a species with a wide natural range. It is favoured by natural selection, as well as factors such as gene flow, genetic drift, or founder events. This is especially true for species of the riparian habitats and for species with light seeds that are easily dispersed by both water and wind. One such species is rosemary willow (Salix eleagnos Scop.), which occurs in both humid riparian habitats and arid karstic sites in central and southern Europe. The species was used as a model species in this research to determine the potential morphotypes suitable for different habitat conditions. In addition, the extent of the influence of environmental conditions on leaf morphometrics was analysed and the structuring of populations was investigated. We analysed three populations of S. eleagnos from karstic habitats and five populations found in riparian habitats. Leaf samples were collected from ten individuals per population, and nine leaf traits were analysed. Leaf phenotypic traits showed a clear bimodal distribution across populations, with samples from dry karstic habitats having smaller leaves than those from riparian habitats. In addition, habitat conditions showed to have a strong influence on morphology, consistent with a pattern of isolation by environment (IBE). These results were also substantiated by the AMOVA analysis, with 34.53% of the overall variability assigned to the variability of individuals between the two habitats (karstic vs. riparian). Furthermore, karstic populations exhibited homogeneous and low multivariate diversity index (MDI) values, as well as lower variability between the populations when compared to the riparian populations, thus reflecting phenotypic adaptability to uniform environmental conditions. In contrast, riparian populations exhibited both high and low levels of diversity, as well as greater interpopulation variability than that of karstic populations, which may be attributed to different origins of the populations and different environmental conditions. Overall, our results suggest that plant-habitat interactions are a complex process and that these two clearly distinct groups of populations of rosemary willow may represent two ecotypes. Keywords: phenotypic plasticity, adaptability, ecotypic differentiation, isolation-by-environment, leaf morphometrics, phenotype, multivariate diversity index |
authors: Igor Poljak Zlatko Šatović Antonio Vidaković Katarina Tumpa Marilena Idžojtić ŠL | |
| Ivan Perković, David Počekal, Vibor Roje, Darko Bakšić, Nikola Pernar | https://doi.org/10.31298/sl.148.5-6.2 |
237 |
| Influence of the parent material on calcocambisol in the area of the Plitvice lakes national park |
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| Summary Calcocambisol (brown soil on limestone and dolomite) is one of the most common soil types in Croatia, and it is the dominant soil type developed on karst, as well as in the area of the Plitvice Lakes National Park, which is located in the karst area. As its name suggests, calcocambisol is developed on different carbonate substrates, which are different in terms of chemical composition as well as in terms of rock erosion. In the area of the National Park, 30 pedological profiles have been opened, 18 of which were on limestone and 12 on dolomite. In the field, ectomorphological and endomorphological soil parameters were determined. The following parameters were determined on the collected soil samples in the humus-accumulative (A) and cambic (B) horizons: particle size distribution of the soil, soil reaction, i.e. pH-value in water and CaCl2 solution, carbonate content, and total carbon and total nitrogen content using the dry burning method. The highest differences in ectomorphological parameters between limestone and dolomite were found in the classification of rockiness and stoneness, where they ranged from very low to very high on limestone, while they were absent on dolomite. On the profiles of calcocambisol on top of dolomite, a higher proportion of sand fractions and less clay than on calcocambisol on top of limestones was found. The dominant soil textural class of calcocambisol on top of limestone was silty clay, while in calcocambisol on top of dolomite it was silty clay loam. The pH-values of the soil and the proportion of CaCO3 on calcocambisol on top of dolomite were statistically significantly higher than on calcocambisol on top of limestone. Since there was no great difference in the fractions of organic carbon and total nitrogen between calcocambisol on top of limestones and dolomites, there was also no great difference in the C/N ratio. The average C/N ratio along the entire profile of calcocambisol on top of limestone and dolomite was 14, i.e. decomposition continued undisturbed and there was no accumulation of raw humus. The hypotheses in this paper were confirmed, and clear differences in the investigated ectomorphological (rockiness and stoniness) and endomorphological (particle size distribution, pH-values and CaCO3 content) properties between calcocambisol on top of limestone and dolomite were observed. Keywords: calcocambisol, limestone, dolomite, Plitvice Lakes National Park |
authors: Ivan Perković ŠL David Počekal Vibor Roje Darko Bakšić ŠL Nikola Pernar ŠL | |
| Mirzeta Memišević Hodžić, Dalibor Ballian | https://doi.org/10.31298/sl.148.5-6.3 |
249 |
| Phenological traits of leafing and leaf retention of black poplar (Populus nigra L.) in the clonal archive in Žepče, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
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| Summary Black poplar (Populus nigra L.) is a species growing in flood forests and today it is one of the most endangered species in Europe. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there is significant area of unused land suitable for the reintroduction of autochthonous black poplar and the establishment of intensive and extensive plantations of hybrid and American black poplar. This research aims to determine the beginning and the end of the phenological phases of leafing, as well as the winter retention of leaves, which will help in the selection of suitable clones for the establishment of plantations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The material of 161 clones of autochthonous black poplars from 26 populations from the basins of 6 rivers, and 11 clones of production hybrid poplars (Euro-American or Canadian) and American black poplars was analyzed. The clones were located in the clonal archive in Žepče, which was established in 2006. Leafing phenology was observed from March 15 to April 22, 2019, and during six phenological phases: 0 - dormant bud, 1 - cracked bud, 2 - bud breaking through, 3 - bud open, leaves gathered, 4 - leaves separate, 5 - leaves fully developed. The retention of the leaves was monitored from August 30 to November 4, 2019, and evaluated in three categories: 1 - all leaves on the tree are present, 2 - 50% of the leaves are left on the tree, 3 - there are no leaves left on the tree. Analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences between clones from different populations for the duration of the leafing phenological phases. Phenological phase 1 (buds breaking through) occurred at the earliest on March 14 and phase 5 (fully open leaves) no earlier than April 8. The results of leaf retention show that on November 4 all clones in the clonal archive fully rejected the leaves. The shortest effective length of the vegetation period had the clones of the Bugojno population (154 days), and the longest the clones of Populus boleana and Populus nigra var. italica and clones of the Čapljina population (Neretva river basin). Dobrinje, Visoko, Babina Rijeka, Maglaj, Doboj (Bosna river basin), Kopači and Tegare (Drina river basin). The results of this research will be used in the selection of the most suitable clones for reintroduction in a specific locality and for specific microclimatic conditions, especially the occurrence of late spring and early autumn frosts, for the purpose of preserving the autochthonous gene pool, as well as clones of hybrid poplars for the establishment of clonal plantations. It is necessary to continue phenological research in the clonal test of autochthonous black poplars and hybrid poplars in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as to conduct research on growth properties in order to be able to compare the results of phenological research, i.e. the length of the growing season, as well as thickness and height growth. Keywords: black poplars, clonal archive, leaf phenology, winter leaf retention |
authors: Mirzeta Memišević Hodžić Dalibor Ballian | |
| Ahmet Acarer | https://doi.org/10.31298/sl.148.5-6.4 |
261 |
| Brown bear (Ursus Arctos L.) distribution model in Europe: Current situation and the potential role of climate change |
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| Summary Brown bear, described as the largest carnivore in Europe, has a large body. While the brown bear can move safely and comfortably in its own habitat thanks to its large size, it is challenging for them to travel to different habitats over long distances. Therefore, negative changes that may occur with global warming may cause the existing brown bear populations and their habitats to be restricted, reduced, or destroyed. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the effect of Chelsa climate envelope models for current and future years on brown bear habitats in Europe. For this purpose, it was used the MaxEnt method, frequently used in wildlife species distribution modelling. The current habitat suitability model of the brown bear was in the “good model” category with the training data set ROC value of 0.834 and the test data set ROC value of 0.828. The variables contributing to the current model are annual range of temperature (48.2%), mean monthly precipitation amount of the warmest quarter (22.1%), temperature seasonality (18.2%) and annual precipitation amount (11.5%), respectively. When the mapping results used the variables contributed to the brown bear current habitat suitability model are compared with the IUCN inventory results, the current brown bear habitats in Europe will change regionally. However, it has been determined that brown bear habitats will shrink according to the SSP126 Chelsa climate scenario of the year 2100, and these habitats will fragment according to the SSP370 scenario, and that brown bear habitats disappear in some regions in the SSP585 scenario. Keywords: brown bear, climate change, maximum entropy, modelling and mapping, wildlife management |
authors: Ahmet Acarer | |
| Mevlüt Zenbilci, Serkan Özdemir, Alican Çivg˘a, Yasin Ünal, Idris Og˘urlu | https://doi.org/10.31298/sl.148.5-6.5 |
273 |
| Habitat suitability modeling of wild goat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777) in different periods |
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| Summary Wild goat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777) is a prominent mountain mammal found in many habitats in Türkiye, but few studies have investigated its relationship with the habitat. This species is significantly affected by various anthropogenic activities such as illegal hunting and marble quarries. This study aimed to determine the changes in potential suitable habitats for wild goats over time by creating habitat suitability models. This study was carried out in the province of Isparta. The occurrence data of wild goats were collected mostly from Sütçüler and Egirdir districts. The data were obtained for two periods, 2009 and 2019. The habitat suitability modeling was performed using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) method. The results showed that habitat use of wild goat was influenced by factors such as elevation, ruggedness, slope, radiation index, annual precipitation (bio12), and annual mean temperature (bio1). The AUC values for the training and test datasets of the model obtained using data from the year 2009 were found to be 0.990 and 0.987, respectively. Similarly, for the year 2019, the values were found to be 0.987 and 0.978, respectively. It was observed that the identified suitable areas for both periods were mostly limited to local areas in the southwest and southeast of the study area. Finally, the habitat suitability maps were thresholded at a value of 0.5. As a result, the thresholded habitat suitability maps predict that there could be a 2,659-hectare (ha) increase in potential suitable areas in 2019. Keywords: distribution modeling, habitat preferences, MaxEnt, wildlife management, wild goat |
authors: Mevlüt Zenbilci Serkan Özdemir Alican Çivg˘a Yasin Ünal Idris Og˘urlu | |
| Gizem Misirliog˘lu, Selçuk Gümüş | https://doi.org/10.31298/sl.148.5-6.6 |
285 |
| Time-dependent change of natural vegetation on forest road fill slopes and its effects on erosion decrease |
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| Summary During the construction of forest roads, slopes become more susceptible to erosion as they remain bare due to soil excavation and felling of trees along the road route. In Türkiye, studies are carried out to prevent erosion and maintain slope stability, and it is known that these studies are quite costly. In this study, analyses were made on three forest roads built less than a year ago, 5 years ago and 10 years ago from the forest road network located at the same aspect and level, and the aim was to determine whether these costs were needed. Soil samples were taken from the fill slopes of these roads and the degree of covering of the plants was determined by using the grid method on the images taken with the drone. Analyses of organic matter, texture, stony ratio, and pH-EC determination were made on these soil samples. The vegetation cover of the fill slope surfaces was determined as 93% for the 10-year-old road, 80% for the 5-year-old road and 0% for the newly built road. According to the ABAG method (which is a simulation of the USLE model converted to the metric system and adapted to European conditions), the annual soil loss amount for the 10-year-old forest road was 1.59 tons/ha/years, for the 5-year-old forest road it was 1.75 tons/ha/years and, finally, for the newly built forest road, this value was 15.52 tons/ha/years. Considering that most of the soil loss occurs in the first years, the amount of soil loss determined on the 5-year-old forest road is at an acceptable level according to the erosion values that occur in natural areas. For this reason, considering that the fill slopes are naturally covered with vegetation, it has been determined that there is no need for costly stabilization process in the fill slopes in this study area Keywords: forest roads, slope, erosion, ABAG, vegetation |
authors: Gizem Misirliog˘lu Selçuk Gümüş | |