DIGITALNA ARHIVA ŠUMARSKOG LISTA
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| ŠUMARSKI LIST 11-12/2023 str. 40 <-- 40 --> PDF |
inhabits the Western USA. It is resistant to frost, wind and drought, as well as dust and harmful gases in the air and has modest soil requirements. Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica /Endl./ Mann. ex Carrière) is a tall, high-mountain fast-growing conifer native to Algeria and Morocco. It is resistant to climate extremes and can grow near the sea, as well as in mountainous regions at low elevations. It is an alkalophilic and heliophilic species. European spruce (Picea abies /L./ Karst.) is a tall, European mountain species that requires plenty of humidity both in the air and the soil. It grows on silicate substrate and acidic soil, though some plant communities also grow on serpentinite or limestone substrate. It has poor tolerance for polluted urban area and industrial air. Serbian spruce (Picea omorika /Panč./ Purkyně) is a tall, high-mountain species, tertiary relict and endemite of the Balkan Peninsula (Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, Europe). Grows mostly on limestone, as well as silicate and swampy soil. Because of its resistance to city conditions, it is very common in parks. Blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) is a tall, North American high-mountain species, growing on humid podzolic, acidic and carbonated soils. It tolerates severe frost, as well as dry air and summer droughts, and urban area conditions. Austrian pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold) is a medium-height mountain species spreading from east Spain to Asia Minor and Crimea. It is a pioneer species, heliophilic, widely used for the afforestation of arid stony areas. It grows on steep limestone, dolomite and serpentinite cliffs. It is resistant to drought, and wind, it tolerates urban area conditions. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii /Mirb./ Franco), is a tall species, native to the Pacific zone of North America and requires enough relative air humidity and acidic soil. It is widely cultivated in Serbian parks and forest cultures. European yew (Taxus baccata L.) is slow-growing but long-living species, often shrubby and naturally distributed from North and South Europe to the Mediterranean, Algeria, Morocco, Asia and the Caucasus. It can grow in shade, as well as in open positions, on shallow and poor or deep and rich soils. It is widely cultivated in parks (Vukićević 1982). Up to now, examinations of the interacting effects of drought and light intensity (e.g. Holmgren, 2000; Aranda et al. 2005; Dutilleul et al. 2015) were performed almost exclusively on seedling growth. Gebauer et al. (2019) examined the impact of drought stress on the growth of one-year needles of Picea abies and ascertained that drought stress was correlated with tree assemblage and needle morphological traits. They also discovered that the differences in needle shape cross-section correlated to light intensity i.e. that the cross-section of needles exposed to light was quadrangular, while for the ones in the shade was ellipsoid. To date, research has focused on the influence of crown light exposure on tree growth i.e. tree height and diameter (Wyckoff and Clarck 2005; Osada 2012; etc.), as well as tree mortality (Shenkin et al. 2018). The correlation of air polution with morphoanatomical traits of the needles of conifers living in urban areas had been previously examined (Nikolić et al. 2019 and refs. cited therein). The aim of present paper is to examine the influence of crown exposure on the needle morphology of nine conifer species from different genera found in the parks of Belgrade, Serbia. To our knowledge, there has been no similar research conducted in Serbia with adult trees published to date. MATERIALS AND METHODS MATERIJALI I METODE Geographic and geologic characteristics of the study parks and their position in town were presented in Table 1 and Figure 1, respectively). Sixty-six trees of nine conifer species: Abies alba (3 trees), Abies concolor (5 trees), Cedrus atlantica (14 trees), Picea abies (3 trees), P. omorika (7 rees), P. pungens (6 trees), Pinus nigra (10 trees), Pseudotsuga menziesii (6 trees), and Taxus baccata (12 trees) (Table 2) were analyzed. One to four trees of every species per park were analyzed, as was indicated in Table 2. One-year old needles were collected from the tips of lower third of the crown of solitary trees. Five needles (ca. 20 needles per tree) were analyzed from each of the four crown exposures (E, N, S, W). Four morphological needle properties (length, width, area, and perimeter) were measured using SigmaScan Pro |