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Variation in needle anatomy of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations according to habitat and altitudinal zones in Türkiye Varijacije u anatomiji iglica običnog bora (Pinus sylvestris L.) s obzirom na staništa i nadmorsku visinu u Turskoj Arzu Ergül Bozkurt, Kamil Coşkunçelebi, Salih Terziog˘lu Summary In this study, eight Scots pine populations from Turkiye were studied to explore the influence of different habitats and altitudinal zones on the needle anatomical traits. A total of 496 needles belonging to 64 individuals were examined using light microscopy with the aim to score variability of sixteen needle anatomical traits. Variance analysis showed significant differences in needle thickness, needle width, resin canal number, resin canal diameter, central cylinder width, central cylinder thickness, endodermis cell number, endodermis width and endodermis thickness of eight populations depending on habitat zones. However, only resin canal diameter, endodermis width and endodermis thickness differ significantly in examined populations depending on altitudinal gradients. Cluster analysis showed the greatest similarities between the Bolu-Aladağ and Ardahan-Yalnızçam populations, and the most distinguishable population was the Giresun-Espiye population based on the anatomical characteristics of the needles. Although principal component analysis showed that needle width, central cylinder width, needle thickness, and central cylinder thickness had the greatest influence on the delimitation of Scots pine populations distributed in Turkiye, discrimination analysis did not separate the examined populations depending on the anatomical characteristics of the needles. Key words: Anatolia, altitude, needle anatomy, Pinus sylvestris, variation INTRODUCTION Uvod Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L., Pinaceae) occupies large areas in relatively dry regions within the Mediterranean basin, from the Iberian Peninsula to Turkiye (Martínez-Vilalta et al. 2009). It is the third most widespread conifer tree species in Turkiye after Pinus brutia Ten. and Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold (Davis et al. 1984; Kandemir and Mataracı 2018). Pinus sylvestris naturally spreads in different habitat zones of three geographical regions in Turkiye. The distribution of plant species mostly depends on competitive abilities and environmental factors (Friend and Woodward 1990; |
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Schoettle and Rochelle 2000). The plant communities, plant physiology and morphology, gene ecology, life history characteristics are adversely affected by the altitude-related theory of biological phenomenon (Körner 2007; Klimes 2003; Hoch and Körner 2003; Reisch et al. 2005). Needle morphology is often affected by the ecosystem’s characteristics (Tiwari et al. 2013). However, Taleshi et al. (2013) reported that there are no significant differences based on leaf morphological properties among tree oak population distributed in Zagros (Iran) depending on altitudinal gradient. Change in leaf anatomy is another important mode of adaptation of plants (slow evolutionary process) and acclimation (shorter-term adjustment) to new environmental conditions (Kivimäenpää et al. 2017). Anatomical changes in pine needles have been observed in connection with changes in light conditions and the content of nutrients in the soil (Niinemets et al. 2001). Nikolić et al. (2016) reported that morpho-anatomical needle properties supported geographic delimitation of distant populations of Pinus heldreichii Christ distributed in Montenegro and Serbia. Boratyńska et al. (2008) investigated the effect of tree age (seedlings, saplings and adult trees) on needle morphology and anatomy of Pinus uliginosa Neumann. The results showed that needles of all three P. uliginosa generations differ significantly among each other. Scots pine is an undemanding species and grows both on fertile and infertile soils (Mandre 2003). Ergül Bozkurt et al. (2021) reported that needle length, needle width and the ratio of needle length to needle width of Scots pine distributed in Turkiye showed variation in response to altitudinal gradients. However, there is no study on variabity of the needle anatomy depending on habitat zones and altitudinal gradients of Scots pine distributed in Turkiye. To fill this gap, the present study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the influence of habitat zones and altitudinal boundaries on the needle anatomical characteristics of Scots pine distributed in Turkiye. MATERIAL AND METHODS Materijali i metode rada Needle samples for anatomical analysis were collected from eight natural Scots pine populations (Figure 1) selected according to habitat zones of Kantarcı (2005) in the year of 2013 and 2014. All samples were fixed in FAA (5 parts stock formalin 5 parts glacial acetic acid, 90 parts 70% ethanol) for 24 h and stored in 70% ethanol as suggested by Özban and Özden (1991). Five to 10 needles were sampled from six to 12 trees per population (Table 1). In total 496 needles belonging to 64 individuals from eight populations were used for anatomical investigation. In order to determine the anatomical needle variation within selected populations, all samples were firstly grouped in habitat zones according to Kantarcı (2005) and following altitudinal limits: 0-300 m, 300-600 m, 1000-1300 m, 1300-1600 m, 1600-1900 m, 1900-2100 m and 2100-2400 m (Table 1). The following anatomical traits were analysed: needle thickness (NT), needle width |
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selected according to habitat zones were found for NT, NW, CN, CD, CW, CCT, ECN, ENW and ENT characters (Table 3). However, no significant differences were found for CT, EW, ET, SW, ST, MT and CCN values. According to Duncan’s test results, in terms of needle width, AH, AY and BA were in the same group, TS, KT, AC and EÇ populations were in the same group and GE was in a different group. In terms of needle thickness, AY, TS, KT, |
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(NW), cuticle thickness (CT), epidermis width (EW), epidermis thickness (ET), sclerenchyma width (SW), sclerenchyma thickness (ST), mesophiyll thickness (MT), resin canal number (CN), resin canal cell number (CCN), resin canal diameter (CD), central cylinder width (CW), central cylinder thickness (CCT), endodermis cell number (ECN), endodermis width (ENW) and endodermis thickness (ENT). Cross sections of a needle (20–25 µm) were taken by a freezing microtome using a small part of the needle plade. All sections were stained with hematoxylin and fast green for 30 min and mounted in entellan to create permanent slides (Vardar 1987). Well stained sections were examined with an Olympus BX51 light microscope (LM). Sixteen anatomical traits were measured (µm) using a BX51 LM equipped with the Bs200Pro analysis system software. All measurements and observations were checked at least three or four times from sections taken from selected specimens of examined populations. A raw data matrix generated by the measurements of sixteen traits was used for statistical analysis. Minimal and maximal values of characters were determined, and arithmetical means, standard deviation and variation coefficients were calculated and analysed for each population and elevation limits (Table 2, Table 3). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the differences between populations and between trees within populations. The relationship between average values of anatomical traits and altitude were tested using Spearman’s coefficient (Sokal and Rohlf 2012). Multivariate statistical methods (cluster analysis and discriminant analysis) were used to identify structure of investigated populations. The cluster analysis resulted in a hierarchical tree, where the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) was used to join the clusters, and the Euclidean distance to define the distance between the studied populations. Principal component analysis was used to identify the best discriminating components and the best anatomical traits allowed the grouping of the investigated populations. Standardized data were used for the principal component analysis. The plot was constructed by two components (DF-1 and DF-2) showing analysed individuals (trees) and populations. The above statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS Statistics 23.0 (Nie et al. 1975; IBM Corp 2015), SYNTAX 2000 (Podani 2001), and Past 3 (Hammer et al. 2001) statistical programs. RESULTS Rezultati Descriptive statistics of needle anatomical traits of the 64 trees belonging to eight natural Scots pine populations from Turkiye are given in Table 2. The highest mean values for NT, NW, EW, ET, MT, CW, CCT, ECN and ENT were observed in GE population (Figure 2). In contrast, the lowest mean values for NT, NW, ET, CCN, CW and CCT were observed in the EC and KT populations (Figure 2). Almost all measured needle anatomical traits correlated with each other at a statistically significant level. Using Spearman’s correlation coefficient (rs), a highly positive correlation was found between altitude and the mesophile thickness of (rs: 0.83). As a result of the ANOVA, significant differences in needle anatomical traits among the examined eight populations |
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conditions and different altitudes (Soudani et al. 2002; Schoettle and Rochelle 2000; Xiao 2003). Similarly, this study suported the influence of habitat and elevation limits on the needle anatomical properties in Scots pine populations distributed in Turkiye (Table 4). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Zahvala This study was supported by Artvin Çoruh University Scientific Research Project Department with grant no: 2018.F10.02.05. We would like to express our special appreciation and thank to staff of Forest Enterprises of Ardahan, Artvin (Arhavi, Hopa), Trabzon (Sürmene), Giresun (Espiye), Kastamonu (Taşköprü), Bolu (Karacasu-Aladağ), Ankara (Çamlıdere) and Eskişehir (Çatacık) for their kind help during the field studies. REFERENCES Literatura Anonymous, 2009: Ormanlarımızda Yayılış Gösteren Asli Ağaç Türleri. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Ormancılıkta 170 yıl 1839-2009. Bączkiewicz, A., K. Buczkowska, W. Wachowiak, 2005: Anatomical and morphological variability of needles of Pinus mugo Turra on different substrata in the Tatra Mountains. Biological Letters, 42 (1): 21-32. Boratyńska, K., A. K. Jasińska, E. Ciepłuch, 2008: Effect of tree age on needle morphology and anatomy of Pinus uliginosa and Pinus silvestris–species-specific character separation during ontogenesis. Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 203(8), 617-626. Davis P.H., J. Cullen, M.J.E. Coode, 1984: Pinus L. – In: Davis, PH, Cullen, J. & Coode, MJE. (eds.), Flora of Turkiye and the East Aegean Islands, volume 1 (Suppl.): 72-75. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Donahue, J.K., J.L. Upton, 1996: Geographic variation in leaf, cone and seed morphology of Pinus greggii in navite forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 82 (1-3): 145-157. Duran, C., H. 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Kantarcı, M.D., 2005: Türkiye’nin yetişme ortamı bölgesel sınıflandırması ve bu birimlerdeki orman varlığı ile devamlılığının önemi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayını, İ.Ü. Yayın Nu: 4558, OF. Yayın Nu: 484, İstanbul Üniversitesi Basım ve Yayınevi Müdürlüğü, ISBN Nu: 975-404-752-9, İstanbul, Turkiye. Kivimäenpää, M., S. Sutinen, H.Valolahti, E. Häikiö, J. Riikonen, A. Kasurinen, R.P. Ghimire, J.K. Holopainen, T. Holopainen, 2017: Warming and elevated ozone differently modify needle anatomy of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 47(4), 488-499. Klimes, L., 2003: Life-forms and clonality of vascular plants along an altitudinal gradient in E Ladakh (NW Himalayas), Basic and Applied Ecology, 4 (4): 317-328. Körner, C., 2007: The use of ‘altitude’in ecological research, Trends in ecology & evolution, 22 (11): 569-574. Lukjanova, A., M. Mandre, 2006: Anatomical features and localization of lignin in needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on dunes in South-West Estonia, Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences: Biology, Ecology, 55: 173-184. Luomala, E.M., K. Laitinen, S. Sutinen, S. Kellomäki, E. Vapaavuori, 2005: Stomatal density, anatomy and nutrient concentrations of Scots pine needles are affected by elevated CO2 and temperature, Plant Cell Environ. 28 (6): 733-749. doi:10.1111/j.1365 3040.2005.01319.x. Mandre, M., 2003: Conditions for mineral nutrition and content of nutrients in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) on dunes in Southwest Estonia, Metsanduslikud uurimused, 39: 32.42. Martínez‐Vilalta, J., H. Cochard, M. Mencuccini, F. Sterck, A. Herrero, J.F.J. Korhonen, P. Llorens, E. Nikinmaa, A. Nole, R. Poyatos, F. Ripüllone, U. Sass-Klaasen, R. Zweifel, 2009: Hydraulic adjustment of Scots pine across Europe, New Phytologist, 184 (2): 353-364. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02954.x. Meicenheimer, R.D., D.W. Coffin, E.M. Chapman, 2008: Anatomical basis for biophysical differences between Pinus nigra and P. resinosa (Pinaceae) leaves, American Journal of Botany, 95 (10): 1191-1198. Nie, N.H., C.H. Hull, J.G. Jenkins, K. Steinbrenner, D.H. Bent, 1975: SPSS: statistical package for the social sciences, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Niinemets, U., A. Lukjanova, 2003: Needle longevity, shoot growth and branching frequency in relation to site fertility and within-canopy light conditions in Pinus sylvestris, Annals of Forest Science, 60: 196-208. |
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Niinemets, U., D.S. Ellsworth, A. Lukjanova, M. Tobias, 2001: Site fertility and the morphological and photosynthetic acclimation of Pinus sylvestris needles to light, Tree Physiology, 21: 1231–1244. Nikolić, B., S. Bojović, P. D. Marin, 2016: Morpho-anatomical properties of Pinus heldreichii needles from natural populations in Montenegro and Serbia. Plant Biosystems-An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 150(2), 254-263. Özban, N., O. Özden, 1991: Mikropreparasyon Yöntemleri, İstanbul Üniversitesi yayınlarından, Sayı: 2584, Fen Fakültesi, No:170. Podani, J., 2001: SYN-TAX 2000, Computer programs for data analysis in ecology and systematics, User’s manual, Scientia, 452 pp., Budapest, Hungary. Randin, C.F., Engler, R., Normand, S., Zappa, M., Zimmermann, N.E., Pearman, P.B., Vittoz, P., Thuiller, W., Guisan, A. 2009. Climate change and plant distribution: local modelspredict high-elevation persistence. Global Change Biology, 15: 1557-1569. Reisch, C., A. Anke, M. Rohl, 2005: Molecular variation within and between ten populations of Primula farinosa (Primulaceae) along an altitudinal gradient in the northern Alps. Basic of Applied Ecology, 6: 35–45. Schoettle, A.W., S.G. Rochelle, 2000: Morphological variation of Pinus flexilis (Pinaceae), a bird-dispersed pine, across a range of elevations, American Journal of Botany, 87: 1797–1806. Sokal, R.R., F.J. Rohlf, 2012: Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research, 4th edition, W.H. Freeman and Co., 937 pp., New York. Soudani, K., J. Trautmann, J.M. Walter, 2002: Leaf area index and canopy stratification in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 23 (18): 3605-3618. Tıwari, S.P., P. Kumar, D. Yadav, D.K. Chauhan, 2013: Comparative morphological, epidermal, and anatomical studies of Pinus roxburghii needles at different altitudes in the North-West Indian Himalayas, Turkish Journal of Botany, 37: 65–73. Taleshi, H., M. M. Babarabi, 2013: Leaf morphological variation of Quercus brantii Lindl. along an altitudinal gradient in Zagros forests of Fars Province, Iran. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(5), 463-468. Vardar, Y., 1987: Botanikte preparasyon tekniği, Ege Üniversitesi, Izmir. Xiao, Y., 2003: Variation in needle longevity of Pinus tabulaeformis forests at different geographic scales. Tree Physiology, 23 (7): 463-471. Sažetak U ovoj studiji proučavano je osam populacija običnog bora iz Turske, kako bi se istražio utjecaj zona staništa I admorske visine na anatomske značajke iglica. Svjetlosnim mikroskopom promatrano je ukupno 496 iglica uzorkovanih sa 64 stabla, s ciljem utvrđivanja varijabilnosti dieciséis anatomskih karakteristika. Analiza varijance pokazuje da postoje značajne razlike u debljini iglica, širini iglica, broju smolnih kanala, promjeru smolnih kanala, širini središnjeg cilindra, debljini središnjeg cilindra, broju stanica endoderme, širini endoderme i debljini endoderme u osam populacija ovisno o zonama staništa. Međutim, jedino se promjer smolnog kanala, širina endodermisa i debljina endodermisa značajno razlikuju u ispitivanoj populaciji, ovisno o visinskim gradijentima. Klasterska analiza pokazala je najveće sličnosti između populacija Bolu-Aladağ i Ardahan-Yalnızçam, a najistaknutija populacija bila je populacija Giresun-Espiye na temelju anatomskih značajki iglica. Iako je analiza glavnih komponenti pokazala da širina iglice, širina središnjeg cilindra, debljina iglice i debljina središnjeg cilindra imaju najveći utjecaj na razlikovanje populacija običnog bora rasprostranjenih u Turskoj, diskriminantnom analizom ispitivane populacije nisu razdvojene uzimajući u obzir anatomske značajke iglica. Ključne riječi: Anatolija, nadmorska visina, anatomija iglice, Pinus sylvestris, varijabilnost |
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BA and AÇ were in the same group. In terms of resin canal number, AH, TS, GE and BA were in the same group. There were 3 different groups in terms of central cylinder width. First was AY, AH, BA, AÇ, second was TS, KT, EÇ, third was GE. ANOVA resulted in significant differences in CD, ENW and ENT needle anatomical characters among the seven elevation limits (Table 4). However, no significant results were found for NT, NW, CT, EW, ET, SW, ST, MT, CN, CCN, CW, CCT and ECN characters. The structure of the 64 individuals and eight populations of Scots pine inferred by the cluster analysis (UPGMA) are presented with the hierarchical tree (Figure 3). These results clearly show that trees collected from the same habitat zones are not clustered together however they (64 individuals) are divided into more than seven distinct subclusters belonging to different habitat zones (Figure 3A). However, the structure of eight Scots pine populations inferred by the cluster analysis clearly indicated that studied populations can be divided into three distinct subclusters (Figure 3B). The first subcluster only consisted of GE population and the second subcluster consisted of TS, KT and EC populations. Finally, the third sub-cluster consisted of the remaining five populations (BA, AY, AC and AH). As seen in Figure 2B, the most similar populations were BA and AY, and the most distinct population was GE. The results of the discriminant analysis are presented in two-dimensional plot in the Figure 3. The first discriminant function (DF-1) explained 90.03% of the total variation, and the second discriminant function (DF-2) explained 5.15%. The discriminant analysis showed that the sixty-four trees from eight natural populations of Scots pine in Turkiye can not be clearly separated based on needle anatomical properties. PCA also verified that some anatomical traits are more important in delimiting the investigated taxa (Letters at the end of bars at Figure 4). According to Figure 4, the needle anatomical traits contributing most to separation of examined population are NW, CW, NT and CCT which is also among the significant traits revealed by ANOVA. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Rasprava i zaključci Altitude and climate have a decisive influence on the distribution of plant taxa. The altitude is one of the most |
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important factors, and is revealed various climate types. Vegetation can be changed by climatic differences in a very short distances (Duran and Günek 2010; Randin et al. 2009). As a result of this, some morphological and anatomical changes occur on the plants (Husain 2016). For instance, Hengxiao et al. (1999) report the changes of needle anatomy of Pinus yunnanensis Franch depending on the altitude. In this study, epidermal thickness and resin canal diameter showed statistically significant differences in upper (2000 asl.), middle (1850 asl.) and lower altitude (1700 asl.). Meicenheimer et al. (2008) examined the Pinus nigra Arnold and P. resinosa Ait. taxa in terms of needle anatomy. The authors determined the epidermal cell thickness varied depending on altitude. Tiwari et al. (2013) determined that the anatomical traits of needles are affected by environmental factors and they were directly correlated with altitude. In addition, they pointed out that the number of resin channels and the location of resin channels vary significantly when going from a low altitude to a high altitude. Similarly, the present study showed that the needles from different altitude levels of the research areas (0-300 asl., 300-600 asl., 1000-1300 asl., 1300-1600 asl., 1600-1900 asl., 1900-2100 asl., 2100-2400 asl.) had significant differences according to anatomical characters (resin canal diameter, endodermis thickness, and endodermis width) depending on altitude. Previous studies reported the morphological differences depending on the habitat conditions which was supported by anatomical studies (Niinemets and Lukjanova 2003; Lukjanova and Mandre 2006). Donahue and Upton (1996) investigated the Pinus greggii Engelm., in terms of needle anatomy and determined the significant differences between the populations of the colder northern part of Mexico and the southern part of the country, depending on the climate and altitude. Nikolić et al. (2016) determined the significant statistical differences on needle anatomy and morphology according to habitat, as a result of their morphological and anatomical studies on the needles of Pinus heldreichii in the regions of Montenegro and Serbia. Their study also statistically determined that the resin canal diameter and the width of endodermis were affected by both altitudinal and climatic difference. Bączkiewicz et al. (2005) examined the Pinus mugo Turra species in terms of thirteen quantitative needle characteristics (resin canal number, leaf thickness and width, feature of epidermal cell etc.) and they found that the populations were significantly different from each other, but the variation within the populations was low and similar, regardless of habitat types. Luomala et al. (2005) found in their studies about the needle anatomy of Scots pine that adaptations developed in the anatomical structure of the needle according to the habitat. The needle surface area and the needle width are affected by different habitat |