DIGITALNA ARHIVA ŠUMARSKOG LISTA
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Dubrovnik (Scherzer 1861, Wawra 1866). After the end of the Brazilian expedition, the seeds and tubers of the plants were taken in crates from the Fantasie ship to the Island of Lokrum (AST, N 30, f 74, nn 4-370, 1859-60). Apart from the distant destinations visited during the expeditions, a large part of the exotic plants that were until then already domesticated in Europe, came to Lokrum from different European destinations; Padua, Schönbrunn, Leipzig, Zagreb, London, Venice, Trieste, Graz, Vis, Korčula, Meljine, Corfu, Malaga, Madeira, Gibraltar (AST, N 30, f 74, nn 4-370, 1859-60). Maximilian’s personal passion for botany and beautiful gardens, was also encouraged by Romanticist trends in the 19th century horticulture, which were largely characterised by the introduction of exotic plants and made possible due to trade and traffic throughout the world (Hajós 2004), and which represented a symbol of luxury and power of their owners (Carder 1986). Maximilian has had greenhouses put up in both locations, Miramar residence and Lokrum island, for the propagation of the introduced plants, which enabled the production and collecting of exotics. In establishing the floristic specialty of Lokrum and the exclusivity concerning the introduction, the island was compared to other well-known parks on the east Adriatic coast, which are spatially and temporally similar and which also featured the introduction of plants that were exotic at the time. This would primarily be Maximilian’s park Miramar beneath Grignano in Trieste, where a forestry and horticultural experiment was carried out: a bare rocky spur of limestone origin was afforested, and the exotics tried to be introduced (Moser 1903, Chersicla 2000). The second point of reference is the Garagnin Park in Divulje near Trogir, which in its type was a ferme ornée or a so-called “ornamental farm” (Šverko 2009), on the basis of which Maximilian analysed the way in which the autochthonous plants could be skilfully combined with the then new and exotic plants, but also with agricultural crops (Bužančić 1995, Biasoletto 1841). The third point is Gučetić’s Park in Trsteno, which was visited by Maximilian and his associates De Visiani and doctor Jilek (AST, N 34, f 78, nn 144-237, 1863). While analysing the lists of plants from these four parks created in the second part of the 19th century, it may be determined without a doubt that some species and varieties of plants introduced and cultivated on Lokrum were introduced in this part of the Adriatic for the first time. The most popular items on this list are the pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) and two types of banana (Musa x paradisiaca L., M. acuminata Colla), which were mentioned by De Visiani (1863), who said that they have survived on the island “for two years without protection”. The species of Musa ensete J.F. Gmeli and M. cavendishii Lamb (Moser 1903) were introduced in Maximilian’s Miramar park. In 1863, M. ensete was present in Gozze park. The owners of more luxurious patrician parks in Dubrovnik area started growing bananas on the turn of the twentieth century (Marić and Šćitaroci 2015). There were two species of eucalyptus recorded on the Island of Lokrum in Maximilian’s time, Eucalyptus diversifolia Bonpl. (De Visiani 1863) and E. globulus Labill. (AST, N 48, f 95, 1857-67). The first introduction of eucalyptus E. globulus Labill. in a public area took place in 1854 in France (Le Floc’h 1991). The same species was recorded in a nursery in Pula in 1874 (Antoine 1874, Wawra 1875). In Trsteno, E. globulus Labill. was recorded in 1881 (Kovačević 2012). All this leads to a conclusion that the first introduction of eucalyptus in this part of Adriatic took place on Lokrum. Another specialty of Lokrum is the collection of five different species of Araucaria from Maximilian’s period; Araucaria araucana, A. columnaris, A. angustifolia, A. bidwillii and A. cunninghamii. At that time, two species of Araucaria were thriving in Miramar; A. columnaris and A. araucana (Moser 1903). In Trsteno, a specimen of A. araucana was recorded in 1889 (Kovačević 2012). Bougainvillea spectabilis was for the first time cultivated in Europe in 1829 (Wawra and Abel 1886), although it was discovered in late 18th century in South America (Lack 2012, Roy et al. 2016). This attractive climber was cultivated in mid-19th century in greenhouses of imperial palaces and botanical gardens, and in late 19th century in outdoor gardens (Sauvaigo 1894). At that time, we could not even find it on the lists of plants planted in Garagnin park or in Trsteno. It was recorded on Lokrum by De Visiani (1863), which proves that Lokrum has been the location of its first cultivation in this part of Adriatic in a park area. Different cultivars of Bougainvillea were intensively cultivated in Dubrovnik area in the 20th century and over time they became the one of the most recognisable floral elements of gardens in Dubrovnik (Šišić 2003b). In a letter written in 1863, sent from Corfu, the main topic was the acquisition of citrus fruits (AST, N 34, f 78, nn 144-237, 1863), where among 62 seedlings, there were 12 mandarin seedlings, which were stated to be very hard to acquire, and they were acquired according to Maximilian personal wish. Unlike oranges, lemons and citrons, mandarins were cultivated relatively late in Dubrovnik area, not before the late 19th and early 20th century (Kaleb 2014). The first mandarin variety cultivated in the Mediterranean is the variety of Citrus reticulata ‘Havana’, so-called Mediterranean mandarin (Langgut 2017). This variety had been imported to England from China, and it was recorded in 1805 in the Kew Royal Botanical Garden, from where it has spread to the English colony of Malta, and further on to Italy and the Mediterranean. They cannot be found in the published plant inventories of the parks Miramar, Garagnin and Trsteno made in the second half of the 19th century. Only in 1911 Adamović (1911) mentioned there were mandarins in the park in Trsteno. Therefore, we might say that the first mandarins in Dubrovnik area were imported right into Maximilian’s |