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Domowit-Trypowit D® to X. germanus. Although economic impact is small and fact that the species have been established in Europe for 65 years with few reports of economic impact. In 1995 X. germanus colonized 20 000 m3 of round timber of Norway spruce and fir in the Swiss Central Plateau and in the Jura-region (Graf and Manser 2000). From an environmental point of view the main concern is that X. germanus have become one of the most abundant scolytids in several areas where it has established (Graf and Manser 2000). But, there are no reports that it has caused any local extinction of native species. Although Xylosandrus germanus is considered to have the potential to have a negative impact on the diversity of scolytid communities (Henin and Versteirt 2004; Bouget and Noblecourt 2005). This is supported by a study in Belgium indicating that X. germanus had a niche overlap with several native species (Henin and Versteirt 2004). Never the less build up in population of X. germanus leads to some conclusions about stress of host trees in our lowland forests. In North America, X. germanus is one of the economically most important ambrosia beetles in nurseries (Ranger et al. 2010; USDA 2011). Some authors conclude that trees experiencing a certain degree of physiological stress may appear to be healthy but still emit stress-related volatiles signalling their quality to host-seeking ambrosia beetles (e.g. Kuhnholz et al. 2001). Although X. germanus is considered as pest that attacks physiologically-stressed hosts (Hoffman, 1941; Maksymov, 1987; Bruge, 1995), a few studies have indicated that apparently-healthy trees are also colonized (Weber, 1982; Gregoire et al., 2001). Abundance of X. germanus yet has to be established for the rest of Croatia since it is a polyphagous pest that can develop in our deciduous and conifer forests. X. germanus may also act as a vector for pathogenic fungi and the beetle has mainly been associated with different Fusarium spp. that may cause dieback, wilting and cankers on affected trees. This association has been observed in for example walnut Juglans spp.; (e.g. Frigimelica et al. 1999; Kessler 1974). Although not considered an important vector (Björklund & Boberg 2017)., X. germanus has also been shown to be able to transmit the Dutch Elm disease (Buchanan 1940). Field findings in Croatia after 2009. range from fir in mountainous region to maple in lowlands Further studies should investigate the influence in our young oak stands.
Acknowledgements
Zahvala
We thank Croatian forest institute Jastrebarsko for the data collected from weather station Spectrum Technologies Inc. Watchdog® Weather Station 2000 Series. Forest department Jastrebarsko for providing materials and manpower necessary for this research. Also we thank the anonymous reviewers for useful comments.
References
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