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ŠUMARSKI LIST 11-12/2017 str. 46     <-- 46 -->        PDF

(Geneletti 2003), and indirect loss of habitat (by the fragmentation of an ecosystem into smaller and more isolated patches) (Chomitz 1996). Forest roads, especially inefficient road networks, generate abrupt edges and, finally, cause habitat and biodiversity losses (Hui 2003). To reduce these negative impacts, forest road managers need to look for ways of developing road networks and improving the environmental soundness and public acceptance of road construction activities (Heinimann 1996; Gümüº 2008; Hayati 2013, Hernández-Díaz et al 2015).
Conventional road planning methods based on topographic maps do not allow forest engineers to create enough number of road alternatives (Chung and Sessions 2001). If the alternatives are not evaluated in the process of choosing the optimum route, the engineers cannot guarantee that the chosen route is the best one which reduces the environmental effects around the route to a minimum. In their study, Rapaport and Snickars (1998) determined a road route which reduces the environmental effects to a minimum, has a low-cost and enables transportation in the shortest period of time by using GIS techniques. Lee and Stucky (1998) developed an algorithm for finding the lowest-cost road route depending on the topography factor and they tested it via field work. Sadek et al. (1999) carried out a study in which a GIS platform was developed which brings together the content necessary for the multi-criteria evaluation of route alternatives. Enache et al. (2013) was to develop a decision support tool for evaluating different forest road options before technical design, using a participatory approach and multiple criteria analyses. Nowadays, there has been a rapid expansion of interest and research on GIS-based and Spatial MCDM methods. S-MCDM methods are interactive and flexible tools for the analysis of complexity among the alternatives which contain different environmental and socio-economic effects. Combining GIS and S-MCDM techniques provides convenience to the users in determining the various alternatives of criteria and objects having multiple and complex structures. This method provides integration of the information by comparing the alternatives with respect to selected criteria (Kesgin and Ersoy 2006; Anavberokhai 2008; ªener 2004; Malczewski 1999). Some researchers have been performing road network analyses using GIS-based road structure and multi-criteria decision making by considering factors such as wood volume, slope, soil condition, distance between existing forest roads, soil type, geology, hydrography, elevation and tree type in addition to environmental factors (Sadek et al.1999; Hosseini and Solaymani 2006; Jusoff 2008; Mohammadi Samani et al. 2010; Hayati et al. 2012; Norizah 2012; Çalıºkan 2013; Pellegrini et al 2013; Tampekis 2015;Lashi et al 2016).
Forest roads entail a complex engineering effort because they can cause substantial environmental damage to forests and include a high-cost construction. Therefore, it is very important that the design of forest road routes take into