DIGITALNA ARHIVA ŠUMARSKOG LISTA
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| ŠUMARSKI LIST 7-8/2010 str. 78 <-- 78 --> PDF |
M. Glavendekić: PARASITOIDS AND HYPERPARASITOIDS OF ERANNIS DEFOLIARIACL. ... Šumarski list br. 7–8, CXXXIV (2010), 403-410 occurrence, they are divided in early-season (spring) defoliators, the long-season defoliators and late-season defoliators.To early-season defoliators belong species which overwinter in the stages of egg or pupa and whose activity is related to early spring.Their caterpillars feed on the buds or young leaves and their development ends very quickly. This group is faunistically most versatile (leaf rollers, winter moths, noctuid moths, sawflies, oak leaf beetles, weevils).Their defoliations occur chronically and the consequence of defoliation is the reduction of increment (Klepac & Spaić,1965;Rubcov,1996). For this reason, defoliators are paid special attention to and the control measures are most often directed against them. The first data aboutE. defoliaraoutbreaks in oak forests from 1887 to 1898 are given by Langhoffer, 1899. Long-term study of winter moths in Croatia - Slavonia oak forests were undertaken in 1960 (Spaić, 1974).The significance of winter moths in Serbia, as forest pests was emphasised by Tomić,1980; Vasić & Tomić,1980. Predators and parasitoids of herbivores can reduce the pests or prevent their outbreak. After multiannual application of DDTpreparations in the suppression of gypsy moths in forests, ecological study was undertaken in the fifties of last century, in order to find alternate methods of forest insect pests suppression (Pschorn - Walcher,1977).These researches were aimed at the development of the concept of biological control applied in Canada, where the outbreak of the winter moth was suppressed by biological control (Embree, 1966).The application of biological methods in the control of forest insect pests was studied byMihajlović, Lj., (1986),Harapin (1992),Glavendekić (1992) and many other authors. Based on the literature, 53 parasitoids and 11 hyperparasitoids have so far been identified forE. defoliariain Europe (Herting,1965, 1976; Čapek, and Čepelak, 1981; Čapek, 1985; Djorović,1980). The most of parasitoids belong to Hymenoptera (41 species) and the rest belong to Diptera (Tachinidae 11 species and Phoridae one species). The majority of hyperparasitoids are from family Ichneumonidae (10 species) and only one species from the family Perilampidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea).The following parasitoids in Serbia were recorded on mottled umber moth:Cotesia jucundaMarsh., Meteorus versicolorWesm. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Eulophus larvarum L. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Phorocera obscuraFall. (Diptera:Tachinidae). MATERIALAND METHODS – Materijali i metode rada The research done on all development stages of E. defoliariaClerck, 1759.The research was carried out by field and laboratory methods. Field work included standard methods of entomological research of moths in all development stages.The method of exposure in nature was applied to eggs and larvae by using sticky bands at the time of female activity. Females laid eggs in bark crevices below sticky bands.The parts of the bark with eggs were cut and the samples were taken to the laboratory for rearing and processing. Sticky bands were also used for larval exposure, but inApril and May. To monitor population dynamics and the change of quality composition of winter moths, absolute and relative abundance of E. defoliaria was assessed every year. Caterpillar density was assessed when they were predominantly the second and partly the third instars. Absolute abundance was assessed by counting the leaves or opened buds and caterpillars in the sample. Relative abundance was assessed based on the number of caterpillars on 1000 leaves. Biology and ecology ofE. defoliariawere studied on the following localities and types of forests: 1. Fruška gora Mt., Brankovac, Compartment 41 – forest ofTurkey oak and sessile oak (Quercetum petraeae-cerris) on brown and lessive brown soil on serpentinite. 2. Forest Unit Košutnjak - one sample plot was set aside in the forest of sessile oak,Turkey oak and hornbeam (Carpino- Quercetum petraeae-cerris) on brown forest soil and lessive brown forest soil.The second in the plantation of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) on humus brown forest soil. The third one was set aside in the association Orno- Quercetum pubescentis-virgilianae.3. Forest Unit Mala Moštanica compartment 52 – artificially regenerated stand of black locust and a mixture of oaks are established on a typical site of Hungarian oak andTurkey oak. 4.Forest UnitAvala, Compartment 15, in a climatogenic communityQuercetum frainetto-cerris aculatetosumon lessive brown forest soil. 5. Forest Unit Jamena – Radjenovci, Visoka šuma, compartment 4c – forest type pedunculate oak and hornbeam (Carpino Quercetum roboris) on brown forest soil to lessive brown forest soil in the non-flooded area. 6. Forest Unit Visoka šuma Lošinci, compartments 1a, 2d, 15a. – forest type pedunculate oak, hornbeam andTurkey oak (Carpino-Quercetum robori-cerris typicum) on brown forest soil to lessive brown forest soil. 7. Forest Unit Visoka šuma Lošinci, compartment 23g. – forest type pedunculate oak, hornbeam andTurkey oak (Carpino-Quercetum robori- cerris typicum)on lessive to semigley soils. 8. Forest Unit Miroč, compartment 73a – forest of sessile oak Quercetum montanum typicum) on brown soils. 9. Forest Unit Porečke šume, compartment: 54b – forest type beech and sessile oak (Querco-Fagetum typicum) on acid brown and lessive acid brown soil. 10. Forest Unit Porečke šume, compartment 54 f – forest type sessile oak (Quercetum montanum typicum) on acid brown soil. 11.Forest Unit Zlatica, compartment 93a – forest type sessile oak (Quercetum montanum typicum) on acid |