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ŠUMARSKI LIST 13/2005 str. 88     <-- 88 -->        PDF

P. Horek. P. Mauer. L. Novak: LARIX KORBST CABLEWAYS - IMPLEMENT OP THE NATURE ORIENTED ... Šumarski list - SUPLEMENT (2005), 78-89
preference over the regeneration clear fellings. If the
natural conditions allow, the shclterwood system can
work with natural regeneration. Difficult and sloping
terrains make use of cableway skidding. In these difficult
terrains, the method of natural forest regeneration
by means of cableways usually pays back with greater
ecological and economic effects than the method of artificial
regeneration since the clear-felling system on
steep slopes brings considerable risks for the forest environment
and is more costly. However, this can be
prevented by using suitable silvicultural procedures


2. PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE
such as strip felling (by Prof. Polansky) with the forest
cableway of modern design (sec Photo 1). A modern
cableway must be highly mobile and quick-to-assemble;
its use is efficient as soon as a single logging measure
would engage at least about 50 m3 timber. Also, a
standard cableway must be equipped with radio control
right from the place of load fastening in the stand since
this is the only way how to choose work procedures
with the minimum damage to self-seeding, advance
growth and standing trees of the parent stand.


FROM THE MASARYK FOREST


TRAINING ENTERPRISE AT KRTINY


Model working procedures and necessary principles
to reach the objectives of natural regeneration of
stands with using LARIX cableway skidding can be
demonstrated on the example of a long-term successful
natural regeneration of beech stands at the Training Forest
Enterprise Masaryk Forest at Krtiny (TFE Krtiny)
of Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in
Brno. The Enterprise was founded 81 years ago as a
special-purpose facility serving mainly the Faculty of
Forestry and Wood Technology to ensure paedagogic,
research and verification tasks.


TFE operates 10.300 hectares of forests which form
a continuous complex immediately linking with the northern
limits of the town of Brno. The forest stands are situated
at altitudes ranging from 210 to 575 m. Average
annual temperature is 7.5 °C, mean annual precipitations
amount to 610 mm and to merely 360 mm during
the growing season. Parent rock is granodiorite in the
western part of the Enterprise, Devonian limestone in
the central part, and Culmian grawacks in the eastern
part. The topography is heavily broken with conspicuous
deep valleys of the Svitava River and Krtinsky Brook
with numerous side valleys and glens. Slopes with gradients
over 34 % take up a quarter of the Enterprise area,
the fact which itself is a good reason to be professionally
interested in forest cableways. Diversity of natural
conditions is considerable and irrcpeatable in the Czech
Republic on such a small area. Prevailing are mixed
stands in which 46 % falls to coniferous tree species and
54 % to broadleaves. Main tree species are spruce, pine,
larch, beech and oak. The Training Forest Enterprise at
Krtiny has a long tradition in the application of milder
methods of forest management specialized in the use of
natural regeneration. The mild forest management methods
applied over a long time include the system of
small felling areas and its forms of shelterwood regeneration
and regeneration by border felling but also the application
of selection forest management principles.


There were many famous foresters working here
such as Leopold Grabner - boss of Forest District run


ning forests formerly owned by the family of Liechtenstein,
who introduced a project in 1848 1897 according
to which the forests were aligned and after each
ten years repeatedly treated in five elaborates of forest
management plans to the Saxonian area control system
by Cotta. Clear-fellings were gradually reduced and
mild compartment shclterwood fellings, i.e. selection
felling introduced. A great emphasis was put on all tending
measures which were neglected up to that time.


Another outstanding forester was Julius Wiehl who
worked out a management plan of modern concept at
the turn of the 19lh and 20th centuries, in which a system
of balanced age classes and management by stands
was introduced. Julius Wiehl intentionally adopted a
shelterwood form of the small-scale management of
even-aged stands. The method augured a natural conception
of the forest that would be steadily creative and
sustainable.


The names of foresters working with the TFE forests
in the modern history and today are those of professors
Konsel,Hasa,Opletal,Polansky,Dolczal,
Vyskot, Tesar and Kantor who personally
contributed to the detailed precision of a special
method of beech management in shelterwood system,


i.e. regeneration of beech stands by group shelterwood
felling which gradually melts into border cutting. The
method markedly expanded in the last ten years even in
difficult terrains thanks to the application of the LARIX
cableways.
Good management of beech stands at the Training
Forest Enterprise is also be documented by the fact that
TFE is a holder of the Woodmark FSC Certificate for
raw and sawn timber, awarded to the facility seven
years ago and since 2003 is a holder of PEFC too.


The special method of beech stand regeneration and
tending applied at the Training Forest Enterprise aims at
a maximum utilization of natural regeneration and
increment from the release. The beech stands arc regenerated
at a relatively long (up to 40 years and more)