DIGITALNA ARHIVA ŠUMARSKOG LISTA
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ŠUMARSKI LIST 13/2005 str. 88 <-- 88 --> PDF |
P. Horek. P. Mauer. L. Novak: LARIX KORBST CABLEWAYS - IMPLEMENT OP THE NATURE ORIENTED ... Šumarski list - SUPLEMENT (2005), 78-89 preference over the regeneration clear fellings. If the natural conditions allow, the shclterwood system can work with natural regeneration. Difficult and sloping terrains make use of cableway skidding. In these difficult terrains, the method of natural forest regeneration by means of cableways usually pays back with greater ecological and economic effects than the method of artificial regeneration since the clear-felling system on steep slopes brings considerable risks for the forest environment and is more costly. However, this can be prevented by using suitable silvicultural procedures 2. PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE such as strip felling (by Prof. Polansky) with the forest cableway of modern design (sec Photo 1). A modern cableway must be highly mobile and quick-to-assemble; its use is efficient as soon as a single logging measure would engage at least about 50 m3 timber. Also, a standard cableway must be equipped with radio control right from the place of load fastening in the stand since this is the only way how to choose work procedures with the minimum damage to self-seeding, advance growth and standing trees of the parent stand. FROM THE MASARYK FOREST TRAINING ENTERPRISE AT KRTINY Model working procedures and necessary principles to reach the objectives of natural regeneration of stands with using LARIX cableway skidding can be demonstrated on the example of a long-term successful natural regeneration of beech stands at the Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest at Krtiny (TFE Krtiny) of Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno. The Enterprise was founded 81 years ago as a special-purpose facility serving mainly the Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology to ensure paedagogic, research and verification tasks. TFE operates 10.300 hectares of forests which form a continuous complex immediately linking with the northern limits of the town of Brno. The forest stands are situated at altitudes ranging from 210 to 575 m. Average annual temperature is 7.5 °C, mean annual precipitations amount to 610 mm and to merely 360 mm during the growing season. Parent rock is granodiorite in the western part of the Enterprise, Devonian limestone in the central part, and Culmian grawacks in the eastern part. The topography is heavily broken with conspicuous deep valleys of the Svitava River and Krtinsky Brook with numerous side valleys and glens. Slopes with gradients over 34 % take up a quarter of the Enterprise area, the fact which itself is a good reason to be professionally interested in forest cableways. Diversity of natural conditions is considerable and irrcpeatable in the Czech Republic on such a small area. Prevailing are mixed stands in which 46 % falls to coniferous tree species and 54 % to broadleaves. Main tree species are spruce, pine, larch, beech and oak. The Training Forest Enterprise at Krtiny has a long tradition in the application of milder methods of forest management specialized in the use of natural regeneration. The mild forest management methods applied over a long time include the system of small felling areas and its forms of shelterwood regeneration and regeneration by border felling but also the application of selection forest management principles. There were many famous foresters working here such as Leopold Grabner - boss of Forest District run ning forests formerly owned by the family of Liechtenstein, who introduced a project in 1848 1897 according to which the forests were aligned and after each ten years repeatedly treated in five elaborates of forest management plans to the Saxonian area control system by Cotta. Clear-fellings were gradually reduced and mild compartment shclterwood fellings, i.e. selection felling introduced. A great emphasis was put on all tending measures which were neglected up to that time. Another outstanding forester was Julius Wiehl who worked out a management plan of modern concept at the turn of the 19lh and 20th centuries, in which a system of balanced age classes and management by stands was introduced. Julius Wiehl intentionally adopted a shelterwood form of the small-scale management of even-aged stands. The method augured a natural conception of the forest that would be steadily creative and sustainable. The names of foresters working with the TFE forests in the modern history and today are those of professors Konsel,Hasa,Opletal,Polansky,Dolczal, Vyskot, Tesar and Kantor who personally contributed to the detailed precision of a special method of beech management in shelterwood system, i.e. regeneration of beech stands by group shelterwood felling which gradually melts into border cutting. The method markedly expanded in the last ten years even in difficult terrains thanks to the application of the LARIX cableways. Good management of beech stands at the Training Forest Enterprise is also be documented by the fact that TFE is a holder of the Woodmark FSC Certificate for raw and sawn timber, awarded to the facility seven years ago and since 2003 is a holder of PEFC too. The special method of beech stand regeneration and tending applied at the Training Forest Enterprise aims at a maximum utilization of natural regeneration and increment from the release. The beech stands arc regenerated at a relatively long (up to 40 years and more) |