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IZLAGANJE NA ZNANSTVENOM SKUPU - PRESENTATION AT THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM Šumarski list SUPLEMENT (2005). 229-237 UDK 630* 181.3 RASPODJELA SITNOG KORIJENJA U ČISTOJ SASTOJIM OBIČNE SMREKE U STADIJU LETVIKA FINE ROOT DISTRIBUTION IN A PURE POLE-STAGE STAND OF NORWAY SPRUCE Peter JALOVTAR* SAŽETAK: U radu se analizira raspodjela biomase sitnog korijenja obične smreke (korijenje s promjerom manjim od 2 mm) u tlu. Istraživane su četiri sastojine obične smreke u dobi od 21 godine, koje su nastale umjetnom obnovom na bivšoj poljoprivrednoj površini. Pri osnivanju sastojina, korištena su dva početna broja sadnica -2.500 i 5.000 komada sadnica obične smreke po l hektaru s različitim početnim razmacima sadnje. U ovom se radu procjenjuju razmaci od 4,0 x 1,0 m, 3,0 x 1,3 m, 2,5 x 0,8 m i 2,0 x 1,0 m. Prisutnost sitnog korijenja u profilu tla istraživano je na dubini od 40 cm. Najviše vrijednosti biomase sitnog korijenja (7013 kg/ha) ustanovljene su na plohi s razmakom od 3,0 x 1,3 m, a najniže na plohi s razmakom od 2,5 x 0,8 m (3945 kg/ha). Odnos između distribucije biomase sitnog korijenja i mase odumrlog korijenja i dubine tla može se obraditi s linearnom regresijom. Smanjenje biomase sitnog korijenja uz rastuće dubine tla je različito, najsporije je na plohi s razmakom od 4,0 x 1,0 m. Za procjenu raspodjele sitnog korijenja u vodoravnom smjeru, koristili smo gustoću sitnog korijenja izračunatu na 100 ml tla. Svi razmaci analizirani su na dubini od 2,5 cm, 15 cm i 35 cm. Odnos između vodoravne udaljenosti i gustoće sitnog korijenja procijenjen je pomoću funkcije parabole. Na dubini tla od 2,5 cm, funkcija parabole ima konveksni oblik, s maksimumom u prostoru između redova stabala. Kako dubina tla raste, oblik funkcije se pretvara u konkavni, s minimumom u prostoru između redova. Ova je promjena posljedica svojstava korijenskog sustava obične smreke i ograničenih mogućnosti njezinog rasta pri različitim razmacima. Odnos između udaljenosti i gustoće sitnog korijenja nije velik, zbog općenito visoke varijabilnosti korijenske biomase u tlu. Ključne riječi: obična smreka, sitno korijenje, biomasa, odumrlo sitno korijenje UVOD - Introduction Dominantna funkcija finog i najfinijeg korijenja, tj. (<2,0mm) manje se istražuje nego arhitektura i morfokorijenja s promjerom pod 2,0 mm je upijanje vode i geneza korijenih sustava pod raznim uvjetima. Njihovo otopljenih nutrijenata. Stoga se fino korijenje drži indi- intenzivnije istraživanje potaknuto je zbog spomenute katorom zdravstvenog stanja i snage rasta drveća i sposobnosti njihove reakcije na okolišne promjene, šumskih sastojina. Funkcija absorbiranja je uvjetovana Razvo j sitno g korijenja i njihov rast prema različianatomijom sitnog korijenja. Biomasa sitnog korijenja ti m kategorijama promjera ovisni su o vrsti drveća, starosti, okolišnim uvjetima, bio-sociološkom položa * Jng. Peter Jaloviar, Katedra za uzgajanje šuma, j u drveta u sastojini te intraspecifičnoj i introspecifi- Sumarski fakultet, Tehničko sveučilište, "~ -i i t v ti i /ir\ro\ v Masarykova 24, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovak Republic CI10J konkurenciji (Ko S11 e r et al. (1 968), K O rO t a e V e-mail:jaloviar@vsld.tuzvo.sk (1997), Wagenknech t (1960), Herte l (1999), |
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P. Jaloviar: RASPODJELA SITNOG KORIJENJA U ČISTOJ SASTOJIM OBIČNE SMREKE U STADIJU LETV1KA Šumarski list - SUPLEMENT (2005). 229-237 Kodrik (1997). Razvoj i proizvodnja korijenja u komercijalnoj šumi pod utjecajem je gospodarenja sastojinom (Jaloviar 1999). Iako većina ovih čimbenika nisu pod izravnim utjecajem, volumen krošnje i mikroklimatski uvjeti u sastojini su pod velikim utjecajem šumsko-uzgojnih zahvata. Utjecaj početnih razmaka sadnje na razvoj krošnje i rast obične smreke j e neupitan (Schmidt -Vo g t 1991, Korpel & Saniga 1995). Pod pretpostavkom daje ravnoteža nadzemnih i podzemnih dijelova drveta održavana zdravim pojedinim stablima (Schinozaki et al. 1964), možemo očekivati da razmaci imaju važan utjecaj na razvoj finog korijenja i njihovu distribuciju u tlu. Obična smreka (Picea abies L) tipični je predstavnik vrsta s plosnatim korijenskim sustavom. Dinamika rasta finog korijenja je autonomna, tj. njihov rast prestaje u ljeto, čak i u slučaju odgovarajućih uvjeta vlage. Gustoća sitnog smrekinog korijenja u tlu vrlo je ekstenzivna. Potencijal prirasta finog korijenja spada u najniže od naših običnih vrsta drveća. Pojava fiziološki aktivnog sitnog korijenja koncentrirana je u horizontu tla A. PODRUČJE PROUČAVANJA I METODE Study area and methods 1UFRO eksperiment sa sadnjom smreke na razmake osnovan je na lokalitetu Vrch Dobroč 1981-1982, a plohe s istraživanim razmacima postavljene su godine 1982, a sada su stare 21 godinu. Plohe su postavljene na elevaciji od 890 m do 910 m, nagib je između 8 % i 15 % te ima zapadni aspekt. Površina svake plohe je 0,4 ha. Tlo na plohama je pjeskovit ilovasti kambisol razvijen na kristaličnim stjenama. Prosječna godina oborina je 900mm. Površina sadašnjeg eksperimenta s razmacima je prvotno bilo poljoprivredno zemljište, pa stoga homogenost okoline tla osigurava jedinstvenu mogućnost komparativnih proučavanja. Mala varijabilnost okoline tla važna je prednost, zato što ne prikriva razlike u razvoju korijenog sustava uslijed npr. različitih uzgojnih zahva ta, razmaka, itd. Detaljni opis područja istraživanja može se naći uKorpel &Saniga (1994). Ovaj rad analizira sljedećih 7 razmaka: Ploha A, razmak 5H0.8 m, gustoća stabala 2.500 ha"1 Ploha B, razmak 4.0H 1.0 m, gustoća stabala 2.500 ha" Ploha C, razmak 3.0H. 1.3 m, gustoća stabala 2.500 ha" Ploha D, razmak 2H2 m, gustoća stabala 2.500 ha"´ Ploha E, razmak 3H0.67 m, gustoća stabala 5.000 ha" Ploha F, razmak 2.5H0.8 m, gustoća stabala 5.000 ha"1 Ploha G, razmak 20H1.0 m, gustoća stabala 5.000 ha" Tablica 1. Pregled srednjih vrijednosti temeljnih dendrometričkih varijabli na pokusnim plohama Table 1 The mean values review of the basic dendrometric variables in sample ploha razmak (m) dbh (cm) visina (m) dužina krošnje (m) širina krošnje (m) volumen 3 krošnje (mVha) plot spacing (m) dbh (cm) height (m) crown length (m) crown width (m) volume of 3 crowns (m /ha) F 2.5 H 0.8 m 14.9 10.8 7.2 1.75 28,848 G 2.0H 1.0m 15.3 10.6 7.1 1.8 30,096 C 3.OH 1.3m 15.1 9.5 7.5 2.30 25,954 B 4.0 H 1.0 m 15.5 9.7 7.7 2.45 30,235 D 2.0 H 2.0 m 14.2 10.4 7.0 2.53 28,619 E 3.0 H 0.67 m 14.9 10.2 7.5 2.25 58,742 A 5.0 H 0.8 m 14.5 9.1 7.1 2.30 24,569 Uzorci za procjenu biomase sitnog korijenja uzeti su prema sustavnom uzorkovanju. U svakom je razmaku označena linija, na kojoj su u razmacima od 50 cm uzeti uzorci tla na dubini od 40 cm. Na plohi B8 uzeto je 8 uzoraka, a na svakoj drugoj plohi po 7 uzoraka. Uzorcima se rukovalo prema metodologiji spomenutoj, npr., u djelu Mur ach a (1984). Uzorci su izvađeni pomoću šupljeg svrdla unutrašnjeg promjera od 80 mm i duljinom šupljeg dijela od 200 mm. Stanje (vitalnost) većine finog korijenja može se vidjeti na mikroskopskim oznakama, a u upitnim slučajevima rabljen je dvogled povećanja 15 x ili 30 x. Nakon sušenja korijenja pri 70EC, težina obih kategorija (vitalne i mrtve) je kvantificirana. Dobivene vrijednosti su konvertirane u težinu u kg na površini od 1 ha, ili u vrijednosti gustoće sitnog korijenja u mg od 100 ml tla. |
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PRESENTATION AT THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM Šumarski list - SUPI.EMENT (2005), 229-237 FINE ROOT DISTRIBUTION IN A PURE POLE-STAGE STAND OF NORWAY SPRUCE Peter JALOVIAR* SUMMARY: The paper analyses the distribution of Norway spruce fine root (roots with diameter under 2 mm) biomass in the soil. Four Norway spruce stands of the age 21, which were established by artificial regeneration on former agricultural area have been researched. By the establishment of the stands two initial numbers of seedlings -2500 and 5000 pes. of Norway spruce on 1 hectare and various initial spacings have been used. In this paper the spacings 4,0x 1,0 m, 3,0x 1,3 m, 2,5x 0,8 m and2,0x 1,0 m are evaluated. The presence of fine roots in the soil profile has been investigated to the depth of 40 cm. The highest value of fine root biomass (7013 kg/ha) was found out on the plot with the spacing 3,Ox 1,3 m, the lowest value had the plot with the spacing 2,5 x 0,8 m (3945 kg/ha). The relation between the distribution of fine root biomass and necromass and the soil depth could be approached with a linear regression. The decrease of the fine root biomass with the increasing soil depth is different, the slowest is on the plot with the spacing 4,0 x 1,0 m. For the assessment of the fine root distribution in the horizontal direction the fine root density calculated on 100 ml of soil has been used. All spacings were analysed in the depth 2,5 cm, 15 cm a 35 cm. The relation between horizontal distance and fine root density was estimated with the parabola function. In the soil depth of 2,5 cm the parabola function has a convex shape with a maximum in the space between the tree rows. With the increasing soil depth the function shape is turning into a concave one, with the minimum in the space between the rows. This change is caused by on the root system characteristics of Norway spruce and on the limited possibilities of his growth by the various spacings. The relation between the distance and fine root density is not strong because of generally high root biomass variability in the soil. Keywords: Norway spruce, fine roots, biomass, necromass INTRODUCTION The dominant function of fine and finest foots, i.e. der various conditions. The impulse to more intensive the roots with the diameter under 2.0 mm is the uptake research of fine roots was their mentioned ability to of water and dissolved nutrients. Therefore the fine response on the environment changes. roots are considered a responsive indicator of health The fine root development as well as the growth of state and growth potential of trees and forest stands. particular diameter categories of roots is impacted esThe absorbing function of fine roots is conditioned by pecially by tree species, age of tree, environment contheir anatomy. The fine root biomass production (roots ditions, biosociologicai position of the tree in the < 2.0 mm diameter) is investigated less than the issue stand, intraspecific and introspecific competition of architecture and morphogenesis of root systems un- Köstle r etal. (1968), Korotaev (1997), Wagcn knecht (1960), Hertel (1999), Kodrik (1997). * Ing. Peter Jaloviar, PhD, Department of Silviculture, The root development and production in commercial Forestry Faculty, Technical University, Masarykova 24, forest is influenced besides mentioned factors crucia 960 53 Zvolen, Slovak Republic, lly by the management of the stand from its origin to e-mail: jaloviar@vsld.tuzvo.sk |
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P. Jaloviur: RASPODJELA SITNOG KORIJENJA U ČISTOJ SASTOJINI OBIČNE SMREKE U STADIJU LETVIKA Šumarski list SUPLHMENT (2005). 229-237 REZULTATI I RASPRAVA - Results and discussion Usporedba određenih razmaka prema biomasi sitnog korijenja The comparison of particular spacings according to fine root biomass Proizvodnja biomase sitnog korijenja prema razmacima bila je prema očekivanju. Uglavnom je nađeno vitalno sitno korijenje na plohi E s razmacima 3.0 H 1.3 m (8.817 kg.ha"´).Ova je vrijednost prilično visoka, posebice u usporedbi s objavljenim podacima za zrele sastojine. Nakon usporedbe sa sastojinama ostalih vrsta drveća u istoj fazi rasta, dobiveni podaci se ne mogu držati ekstremnim. Nađeno je sitno korijenje na plohi F s razmacima 2.5 H 0.8 m (3.945 kg/1). Težine mrtve mase nisu tako velike kao težine biomase, pa stoga ne utječu na apsolutne razlike u ukupnim težinama obih kategorija sitnog korijenja. U pregledu biomase vitalnog sitnog korijenja (Casper & Jackson 1997), vrijednosti se kreću od 200 do 5.000 g/m", tj. nakon konverzije s 2000 kg/ha na 50.000 kg/ha. Međutim, autori su uzeli u obzir samo zrele šumske sastojine. Korotaev (1997), koji je proučavao biomasu sitnog korijenja u dvije 80-godišnje sastojine na ilovastim i pjeskovitim tlima, ustanovio je za pjeskovita tla biomasu od 5.650 kg/ha. Na ilovastim tlima je ta vrijednost 359 g/m2, što predstavlja 3.590 kg/ha u gornjih 20 cm tla. Kodrik (1998) je našao 430, odnosno 230 g biomase sitnog korijenja na 1 m~ na dvije plohe s različitim utjecajima imisije u Moravsko-sliezske Beskydy, što čini 4.300 kg/ha odnosno 2.300 kg/ha. Proučavao je sloj na dubini od 30 cm. Težina mrtve mase bila je 175 g/m" na plohi pod utjecajem imisija. Prosječna gustoća sitnog korijenja varirala je s oko 3.000 kg/ha u zrelim sastojinama četinjača u središnje-europskim uvjetima. Kodrik (1997) također nalazi vrijednost konstantne biomase (suha masa) korijenja s promjerom ispod 5 mm od samo 1.300 kg/ha u prašumi rezervata biosfere Pol´ana. S u rovy (2000) određuje 4.525 kg sitnog korijenja na 1 ha za zaštitnu šumu smreke (zrele sastojine zajedno s drugim slojem sljedeće generacije). Tablica 2. Ukupna težina sitnog korijenja prema kategorijama i razmacima Table 2 Total fine root weight according to the categories and particular spacings ploha (razmak) plot (spacing) A 5.0 H 0.80 m B 4.0 H 1.0 m C3.0H 1.3 m D 2.0 H 2.0 m E 3.0 H 0.67 m F 2.5 H 0.8 m G 2.0 H 1.0 m biomasa (kg/ha) biomass (kg/ha) 7572.4 5913.1 7103.0 6744.4 8817.3 3945.2 5066.2 Odnos između dubine tla i biomase vitalnog sitnog korijenja ispitivanje primjenom metode linearne korelacije. mrtva masa (kg/ha) necromass (kg/ha) 1956.6 929.0 1825.1 1190.4 1274.3 1050.4 1146.0 ukupno (kg/ha) total (kg/ha) 9529.0 6842.1 8928.1 7934.9 10091.7 4995.6 6212.2 Razlike nagiba linija odražavaju različitu distribucije sitne korjene biomase. Obrazloženje toga mogu biti širi i asimetričniji razmaci s niskim početnim brojem biljaka Tablica 3. Temeljni parametri regresije i korelacije odnosa između biomase sitnog korijenja i dubine tla na svim istraživanim razmacima Table 3 Basic regression and correlation parameters of the relation between fine root biomass and soil depth in all researched spacings ploha (razmak) -plot (spacing) A(5.0H 0.80 m) B(4.0H 1.0 m) C(3.0H 1.3 m) D (2.0 H 2.0 m) E (3.0 H 0.67 m) F (2.5 H 0.8 m) G(2.0H 1.0 m) a b r r 2380.9** 57.1* 0.884 0.781 1152.4** 12.0** 0.279 0.077 1419.0** 17 j* * 0.558 0.311 1996.6** 39.7 0.779 0.608 2176.9* 27.2 0.471 0.222 1041.1** 27.9** 0.865 0.748 1190.7** 24.9** 0.578 0.334 (2.500 ha"1), npr. razmak 5,0 x 0,8 m, a razmak sastojine se krošnje drveća ne dotiču u međuprostorima. Stoga za razvoj krošnje nije smatran tako dobrim kao drugi si-distribucija biomase odgovara manje ili više načinu na metričniji razmaci. Ovaj je razmak jedini za sada, gdje koji korijenje uzima profil tla u sastojinama s niskom |
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P. Jaloviar: RASPODJELA SITNOG KORIJENJA U ČISTOJ SASTOJINI OBIČNE SMREKE U STADIJU LETVIKA Šumarski list - SUPI.EMENT (2005). 229-237 gustoćom sastojine, gdje je konkurencija susjednog drveća manja nego u sastojinama s punom gustoćom. U simetričnim razmacima raspoloživ prostor sastojine je potpuno zauzet, a konkurencija sloja krošnje je mnogo jača nego u prethodnom slučaju. Dokaz za to je vidljivo intenzivno sušenje u donjim dijelovima krošnje u ovim razmacima, i stoga se postepena redukcija kapaciteta krošnje uspoređuje s razmakom 5,0 x 0,8 m. Usporedba određenih razmaka prema gustoći sitnog korijenja The comparison of particular spacings according to fine root density Gustoća sitnog korijenja dana je u mg korijenja u 100 ml finog tla. Prednost ovog parametra je njegova nezavisnost od debljine istraživanog sloja. U početku je gustoća sitnog korijenja sa 7 ploha anlizirana kao cjelina, tj. odnos između prosječne koncentracije i dubine tla je kvantificirana. Usporedba je izvedena uporabom metode linearne korelacije. Vitalno sitno korijenje - Vital fine roots Pregled koeficijenata regresijskih linija za sve razkoeficijenata (t-test), ustanovljena je visoko signifimake danje u Tablici 4. kantna razlika obih ^-koeficijenata s plohe B. Unatoč signifikantnim razlikama od nule, regresijski koefici Prema Tablici 4 proizlazi da su svi apsolutini i re jenti linija s drugih ploha ne razlikuju se signifikantno gresijski koeficijenti, koji su determinantni za oblik jedni od drugih. određene relacije, statistički visoko signifikantni različito od nule. Ispitivanjem razlika između regresijskih Tablica 4. Temeljni regresijski i korelacijski parametri odnosa između prosječne gustoće sitnog korijenja i dubine tla na svim istraživanim razmacima Table 4 Basic regression and correlation parameters of the relation between average fine root density and soil death in all researched spacings ploha (razmak) -plot (spacing) A (5.0 H 0.80 m) B(4.0H 1.0 m) C(3.0H 1.3 m) D (2.0 H 2.0 m) E (3.0 H 0.67 m) F (2.5 H 0.8 m) G(2.0H 1.0 m) a b s xb r 2 r 370.2** 10.10* 3.41 0.83* 0.68 267.5** 6.09** 1.21 0.61** 0.37 332.6** 8.96** 1.39 0.73** 0.53 256.8* 5.41 3.94 0.55 0.32 154.3* 3.52 1.98 0.66 0.44 257.5** 8.55** 0.98 0.81** 0.65 286.5** 8.71** 1.49 0.68** 0.46 * B signifikantna razlika od nule, **B visoko signifikantna razlika od nule, parameteri Sbx i r nisu ispitani na razliku od nule * B significant difference from zero, ** B highly significant difference from zero, parameters sbx and r are not tested to the difference from zero Korelacije između dubine tla i koncentracije sitA (5,0 H 0,8) i F (2,5 H =,8 m), dok izračunata linija nog korijenja prilično su slabe, najjača je na plohama iznosi 69 % odnosno 62 % varijabilnosti. Odumrlo sitno korijenje Dead fine roots I u ovom je slučaju primijenjena metoda linearne korelacije za usporedbu odnosa između koncentracije sitnog korijenja i dubine tla. Rezultati su prikazani u Tablici 5. Jačina korelacija je varijabilnija na odumrlom korijenju nego vitalnom. Iz prijašnjeg se iskustva zna kada odumrlo sitno korijenje pokazuje bitno veću varijabilnost i često nikakav odnos s dubinom tla. Na plohama s većim početnim brojem biljaka na 1 ha, pad koncentracije biomase kao i ukupne sitne rizomase s povećanjem dubine tla manji je nego na plohama s manje gustim razmacima. Očekivaniji rezultat je, da će koncentracija finog korijenja biti veća pri većoj gustoći i simetričnijim razmacima, što će se potvrditi manje izraženim gradijentima dubine. Možemo pretpostaviti da je u usporedbi s ljetom vlaga tla bila viša već na početku jesenskog rasta sitnog korijenja, u vrijeme njihove sječe. Na plohama s gušćim razmacima je intercepcija svakako veća, a slojevi tla ispod 20 cm su očigledno suhlji u vrijeme sječe nego na plohama s manje gustim razmacima, s manjim stupnjem sklopa. Stoga možemo pretpostaviti daje na plohama s gustim razmacima rast korijenja bio ograničen samo na horizontu tla A u vrijeme sječe, tj. na slojevima na dubini 0-20 cm. |
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P. Jaloviar: RASPODJELA SITNOG KORIJENJA U ČISTOJ SASTOJIN1 OBIČNE SMREKE U STADIJU LETVIKA Šumarski list - SUPLEMENT (2005). 229-237 Tablica 5. Temeljni regresijski i korelacijski parametri odnosa između prosječne gustoće sitnog korijenja i dubine tla na svim istraživanim razmacima Table 5 Basic regression and correlation parameters of the relation between average vital fine root density and soil death in all researched spacings Ploha (razmak) - plot (spacing) A (5.0 H 0.80 m) B(4.0H 1.0 m) C(3.0H 1.3 m) D (2.0 H 2.0 m) E (3.0 H 0.67 m) F (2.5 H 0.8 m) G(2.0H 1.0 m) a b s xb r r 89.3** 2.32 0.98 0.76 0.58 27.16** 0.25NS 0.19 0.20NS 0.04 51.9* 0.50NS 0.43 0.18NS 0.03 51.9** 1.14* 0.33 0.86* 0.75 93.7** 2.88* 0.94 0.84* 0.70 43 9** 0.99** 0.23 0.55** 0.30 47.0** 0.94NS 0.36 0.38* 0.14 ** B visoko signifikantna razlika od nule, NSB bez signifikantne razlike od nule, parameteri Sbx i r2 nisu ispitani na razliku od nule. ** B highly significant difference from zero, mB no significant dirterence from zero, parameters Shx and r´ are not tested to the difference from zero ZAKLJUČCI Različita struktura sastojine uzrokovana različitim razmacima odražava se na svim istraživanim parametrima. Ustanovljena je različita proizvodnja biomase sitnog korijenja iz ukupne proizvodnje rizomase, no to otkriće se ograničava na razdoblje života sastojine, kada je čak i u manje gustim razmacima konkurencija među drvećem u razmacima između redova tako velika, da dolazi do intenzivnijeg sušenja donjih dijelova krošanja. Također je potvrđena pretpostavka o različitim načinima distribucije biomase sitnog korijenja. Odnos između gustoće sitnog korijenja i dubine tla predstavlja rzaličite oblike prema razmacima. LITERATURACasper, B. B.,R. B.Jackson, 1997: Plant competition underground. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28: 545-570 Hertel , D., 1999: Das Feinwurzelsystem von Reinund Mischbeständen der Rotbuche: Struktur, Dynamik und interspezifische Konkurrenz. Dissertationes Botanicae. Bd317, 187 s. Jaloviar, P, 1999: Produkcia jemnych korenov v röznych typoch smrekovych porastov. In: Atmosfera 21. Storocia, organizmy a ekosystemy. TU Zvolcn 94-97. Kodrik , M., 1997: Vyskum podzemnej biomasy smreciny (korenov) a jej dlzky v BR Pol´ana. In: Biosfericke rezerväcie na Slovensku, 133-137. Kodrik , M., 1998: Investigation of fine roots of Picea abies ecosystem in the northern Slovakia. Ekologia 17 (4): 358-363. Korotacv,A . A, 1997: Wurzelmorphologische Untersuchungen der Fichte (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) auf Sand- und Schluffboden im Gebiet von St. Peterburg. Forstarchiv 68 (3): 102-108. Conclusions Kako bi se proširilo znanje rizologije šumskog drveća, bit će potrebno postaviti fokus na slična proučavanja, posebice na istraživanje problema promjena u proizvodnji sitnog korijenja u šumskim sastojinama. Doprinos ovog rada je također u tome da može biti dobar temelj za planiranje sljedećeg istraživanja sustava korijenja u pokusu s razmacima u Vrch Dobroč, jer pruža pouzdane podatke o varijabilnosti sitnog korijenja i osnovne uzorke njihove distribucije u prostoru tla. - References Korpel´, Š., M. Saniga, 1995: Vplyv rozdiclneho počtu sadenic a ich sponu na rast a formovanie smrekovych porastov. Vedecki Studie 3. TU Zvolen, 39 s. Köstler, J. N., E. Brückner, H. Bibelriether, 1968: Die Wurzel der Waldbäume. Paul-Parey- Verlag. Berlin, Hamburg 282 s. M u r a c h, D., 1984: Die Reaktion der Feinwurzel von Fichte (Picea abies Karst. L.) auf zunehmende Bodenversauerung. Göttinger Bodenkdl. Ber. 77:1-126. Schmidt-Vogt, EL, 1991: Die Fichte. Bd. H/1. Paul- Parrey-Verlag. Hamburg, München, 105-106. Surovy, P, 2000: Porovnanie produkeie biomasy jemnych korenov v lesnych porastoch s prevahou smreka obhospodarovanych podrastovym a vyberkovym hospodärskym sposobom. Diplotnovä praca, LF Tu vo Zvolene. 36 s. Wagenknecht , E., 1960: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Wurzelausbildung verschiedener Bestockungen. Mitteilungen der Staatforstverwaltung Bayerns. |
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P. Jaloviar: FINE ROOT DISTRIBUTION IN A PURE NORWAY SPRUCE POLE-STAGE STAND Šumarski list SUPLEMENT (2005), 229-237 the emergence of next forest generation (Jaloviar Norway spruce {Picea abies L. Karst.) is a typical 1999). The most of these factors can´t be affected direpresentative of the tree species with the flat root sysrectly, but e.g. the crown volume and microclimatic tem. The growth dynamics of its fine roots is autonoconditions in the stand are decisive impacted by silvi-mous, i.e. their growth stops in the summertime also in cultural interventions as well. the case of appropriate moisture conditions. The densi The influence of the initial spacing on the crown dety of spruce fine roots in the soil is very extensive. The velopment and the growth of Norway spruce is indispuincrement potential of its fine roots belongs to the lotable (Schmidt-Vogt 1991, Korpel ´ & Saniga west between our common tree species. The appearan1995). Assuming that the balance between the above-ce of physiological active fine roots is concentrated in ground and underground part of the tree is kept by the the soil horizon A. healthy individuals (Schinozaki etal. 1964), we can expect the spacing has an important influence on the fine root development and distribution in the soil as well. STUDY AREA AND METHODS The IUFRO spruce plant spacing experiment was plot D, spacing 2H2 m, stem density 2,500 ha"´ established on locality Vrch Dobroč in 1981-1982, the plot E, spacing 3H0.67 m, stem density 5,000 ha"1 plots with investigated spacings were established 1982 plot F, spacing 2.5H0.8 m, stem density 5,000 ha"1 and at present they are 21 years old. The plots are located in the elevation from 890 to 910 m, the slope ranges plot G, spacing 2.0H1.0 m, stem density 5,000 ha"´ from 8 to 15 % and it has west aspect. The area of each The samples for estimation of fine root biomass were plot is 0.4 ha. taken according to systematic sampling. In each spacing The soil on the plots is sandy loam cambisol that a line was marked, where in the distance of 50 cm the developed on crystalline rock. Average annual precipisoil cores up to the depth 40 cm were taken. On the plot tation is 900 mm. B 8 probes were established, on each other plot 7 pro bes. The samples were handled according to the metho The area of present spacing experiment was agri dology mentioned e.g. in the work of M u r a c h (1984). cultural land initially and therefore the homogeneity of the soil environment provides an unique possibility for The samples (soil cores) were taken by a hollow aucomparative studies. The low variability of the soil enger with the inner diameter 80 mm and the length of the vironment is an important advantage, because it don´t hollow part 200 mm. conceal the differencies of the root system developThe state (vitality) of the most fine roots can be ment due to e.g. various silvicultural interventions, identified from the macroscopic marks, in the questiospacing etc. Detailed description of the research area nable cases a binocular glass with the magnification can be found inKorpel´&Saniga (1994). 15x or 30x was used. This paper analyses following 7 spacings: After the drying of roots at 70EC the weight of both categories (vital and dead) was quantified. The acqui plot A, spacing 5H0.8 m, stem density 2,500 ha"´ plot red values were converted into the weight in kg on the B, spacing 4.0H1.0 m, stem density 2,500 ha"1 area of 1 ha or into the values of fine root density in mg plot C, spacing 3.OH 1.3 m, stem density 2,500 ha"´ of 100 ml of soil. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The comparison of particular spacings according to fine root biomass The production of the fine root biomass varies acThe nccromass weights are not so high as the biocording to the spacing as expected. Mostly vital fine mass weights and therefore they don´t impact the absoroots were found on the plot E with the spacing lute differencies in the total weights of both fine root 3.OH 1.3 m (8,817 kg.ha"´). This value is quite high, escategories either. pecially in the comparison with the data published for In the review of vital fine root biomass compiled by the mature stands. After the comparison with the stands Casper & Jackson (1997) the values range from 200 of other tree species in the same growth phase, acquito 5,000 g/m , i.e. after conversion from 2,000 kg/ha to red data can´t be consider extreme. At least vital fine 50,000 kg/ha. However, the authors have considered onroots were found on the plot F with the spacing 2.5 H ly mature forest stands. Korotaev (1997), who inves 0.8 m (3,945 kg.ha"´). tigated the fine root biomass in two 80 years old stands |
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P. Jaloviar: FINE ROOT DISTRIBUTION IN A PURE NORWAY SPRUCE POLE-STAGE STAND Šumarski list - SUPLHMENT (2005), 229-237 on loam and sandy soils, states for sandy soils the biomass of 5,650 kg/ha. For the loam soils he states the value 359 g/m2, what presents 3,590 kg/ha in the top 20 cm of soil. Kodri k (1998) found out 430 respectively 230 g of fine root biomass on 1 m on two plots with different immission impact in the region of Moravskosliezskc Beskydy, what constitutes 4,300 respectively 2,300 kg/ha, he investigated the layer with depth of 30 cm. The necromass weight was 175 g/m2 on the plot under immission impact. The average fine root density varies about 3,000 kg/ha in mature coniferous stands in central European conditions. Kodri k (1997) also states the value of constant biomass (dry mass) of roots with diameter under 5 mm only 1,300 kg/ha for the primeval forest in Biosphere Reserve Pol´ana. Surov y (2000) gives 4,525 kg of fine roots on 1 ha for a spruce shelterwood forest (mature stand together with second layer of next generation). The relation between the soil depth and vital fine root biomass was tested using the method of linear correlation. The comparison of particular spa The fine root density is given in mg of fine roots in 100 ml of fine soil. The advantage of this parameter is its independence from the thickness of investigated layer. At first the fine root density from 7 plots was Vital f The overview about the coefficients of regression lines for all spacings is given in Table 4. From Table 4 results that all absolute and regression coefficients, which are determinant for the shape of particular relation, are statistically high significant different from zero. By testing of diffcrencies between the regression coefficients (t-test) a high significant difference of the b-coefficient from the plot B was found. The differencics in the incline of the lines reflect the various distribution of the fine root biomass. The explanation for this can be that by wider and more asymmetric spacings with low initial plant number (2,500 ha"´) e.g. by the spacing 5.0 x 0.8 m, the available stand space for the crown development is not used as good as by the other more symmetric spacings. This spacing is the only one at present, where the crowns of trees don´t touch in the inter-row space. Therefore the biomass distribution corresponds more or less to the way how the roots take the soil profile in the stands with low stand density, where the competition of neighbour trees is less than in the stands with full density. In symmetric spacings the available stand space is fully used and the competition in the crown layer is much stronger than in the previous case. The proof of it is the visible more intensive drying in the lower parts of the crowns in these spacings and therefore the gradual reduction of the crown capacity compared to the spacing 5.0 x 0.8 m. igs according to fine root density analysed as a whole i.e. the relation between the avera ge concentration and the soil depth was quantified. The comparison was conducted using the method of linear correlation. i roots Despite the significant diffcrencies from zero the regression coefficients of the lines from other plots differ not significant from each other. The correlations between the soil depth and fine root concentration is quite weak, the strongest is on the plot A (5.0 H 0.8) and F (2.5 H 0.8 m), while the computed line explains 69 % respectively 62 % of the variability. Dead fine roots Also in this case the method of linear correlation was used for the comparison of relation between the fine root concentration and the soil depth. The results are shown in the Table 5. The strength of the correlations is more variable at dead roots than vital roots. From previous experiences the state is known, when the dead fine roots shows substantially higher variability and often nearly no relation to the soil depth. On the plots with higher initial plant number on 1 ha the decrease of biomass concentration as well as total fine rhizomass with the soil depth is less strong than on the plots with less dense spacings. The more expected result will be that at higher density and symmetric spacing the fine root concentration will be more homogenous what will be confirmed by less marked depth gradients. We can assume that compared with the summertime the soil moisture was already higher at the beginning of autumn growth of fine roots optionally in the time of their harvesting. On the plots with more dense spacings surely the interception is higher and soil layers under 20 cm were obvious more dry in the time of the harvesting than on the plots with less dense spacings with lower canopy degree. Therefore we can presume on the plots with dense spacing also the root growth was limited only on the soil horizon A in the time of harvesting i.e. on the layers in the depth 0-20 cm. |
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P. Jaloviar: FINE ROOT DISTRIBUTION IN A PbRE NORWAY SPRUCH POEH-STAGE STAND Šumarski list - SUPLEMENT (2005), 229-237 CONCLUSIONS The different stand structure caused by a different spacing reflects on all investigated parameters. The different fine root biomass production from the total rhizomass production was found out, while this finding have to be limited on the period of stand´s life, when even in the less dense spacings the competition between the trees in the inter-row space become to be so high, that it comes to the more intensive drying of the lower parts of crowns. The assumption about different way of fine root biomass distribution was confirmed as well. The relation between fine root density and soil depth presents different shapes according to the spacing. To be able to enlarge the knowledge in the forest trees rhizology it will be necessary to focus similar studies especially on the investigation of the issue of changes in the fine root production of forest stands. The contribution of this paper is also that it can be a good base for the planning of next root systems research in the spacing experiment Vrch Dobroc because it provides a reliable informations about the fine root variability and basic patterns of their distribution in the soil space. |