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B. Hrašovec, J. Margaletić: ŠTETNICI SJEMENA 1 NJIHOV UTJECAJ NA OBNOVU ŠUMA U HRVATSKOJ Šumarski list br. 3—4. CXX (1996), 101 — 106 LITERATURA REFERENCES Barnett , A. iDutto n J. (1995): Small Mammals (excluding Mati c , S. (1994): Prilog poznavanju broja biljaka i količine sjebats) - Expedition Field Techniques, Expedition Advisory mena za kvalitetno pomlađivanje i pošumljavanje, ŠumarCentre, Royal Geographic Society, 125 str., London. ski list 3-4, str. 71-78, Zagreb. Glavaš, M., Hrašovec, B. iDiminić, D. (1993): VažMatić, S.,Prpić, B.,Rauš, Š. i S e le t ko v i ć , Z. (1992): nost mikoza šumskih insekata s posebnim osvrtom na zeleObnova šuma hrasta lužnjaka u šumskom gospodarstvu Sini muskardin žirotoča, Glasnik za šumske pokuse, posebno sak, Glasnik za šumske pokuse 30, str. 299-336, Zagreb. izdanje 4, str. 381-389, Zagreb. Mikloš , I. (1991): Onečišćenje zraka i urod žira u našim šuma Gurnell , J. iFlowerdew , J.R. (1994): Live Trapping Small ma hrasta lužnjaka, Šumarski list 3-5, str. 151-162, Zagreb. Mammals - A practical Giude, The Mammal Society, OcPrpić , B. (1987): Ekološka i šumsko-uzgojna problematika šucasional Publication No. 3, 36 str, London. ma hrasta lužnjaka u Jugoslaviji, Šumarski list 1-2, str. 41 52, Zagreb. Hrašovec , B. (1993): Prilog poznavanju bioekologije insekata iz roda Balaninus Germ., štetnika hrasta lužnjaka (Quercus Semel , B. i Anderson , D.C. (1988): Vulnerability of acorn robur L.), Glasnik za šumske pokuse 29, str. 1-38, Zagreb. weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and attractiveness of weevils and infested Quercus alba acorns to Peromyscus le- Hrašovec , B., Glavaš, M. i Diminić, D. (1993): Istraživanje po ucopus and Blarina brevicauda, American Midland Natura pulacije štetnika hrastova žira i drugog šumskog sjemena, list 119, str. 385-393. Glasnik za šumske pokuse, posebno izdanje 4, str. 213-222, Zagreb. S i k o ra , J. (1984): Dosadašnja dostignuća i mogućnosti unapređenja gospodarenja nizinskim šumama, Diskusija, Glasnik Kri s tek , J. (1973): The damage to acorns by forest insects, Le za šumske pokuse, posebno izdanje 1 (separatum): str. 144 snictvi 19:11, str. 1029-1054. 145, Zagreb. Marquis, D.A., Eckert, P.L. i Roach, P.A. (1976): Acorn Spaić, I. i Glavaš, M. (1988): Uzročnici šteta na hrastu lu weevils, rodents and deer all contribute to oak-regeneration žnjaku u Jugoslaviji, Glasnik za šumske pokuse 24, str. 199 difficulties in Pennsylvania, USDA Forest Service Resear 224, Zagreb. ch Paper, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, No. NE356, 5 str. Starčević , T. (1990): Prirodna obnova lužnjakovih sastojina u uvjetima slabog i neredovitog uroda sjemenom, Glasnik za Mati ć , S. (1993): Brojnost pomlatka glavne vrste drveća kao te šumske pokuse 26, str. 351-359, Zagreb. meljni preduvjet kvalitetne obnove, podizanja i njege šuma, Glasnik za šumske pokuse, posebno izdanje 4, str. 365-Tvrtković , N. (1993): Upoznajmo puhove, Lovački vjesnik 9, 380, Zagreb. str. 41, Zagreb. SUMMARY: Seed pests can significantly lessen natural regeneration and hamper silvicultural reforestation practices in modern forestry. The most important pests are highly specialized forest insects that thrive on tree seed crops. Our research focused on seed pests of the most important forest tree species in Croatia. Surveys were made in typical forest communities including lowland oak forests, mixed fir and beech stands and the Mediterranean belt of holm oak forest. Major research emphasis was on acorn pests from lowland forests of pedunculate oak, Quercus robur. Losses of acorn crops due to seminiphagous insects ranged from 4% to 25%. In some areas small rodents were equally important, causing acorn losses up to 18%. Four species of acorn weevils were identified. The most numerous was Curculio glandium Marsh. Extensive ground surveys for buried larvae revealed their spatial distribution and provided details of their biology. Field trials were used to evaluate protection measures for applied control. The entomopathogenic fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae (Mitach.) Sor., was the most consistent natural suppression agent throughout the study area. Soil dwelling larvae of Curculio species were killed by this widely distributed fungus, which often reduced their populations to non-pest levels. Other acorn pests included Cydia splendana Hb., C. amplana Hb. and Andricus quercus calicis Burgs. Conifer cones and seed were attacked by several species of conophagous and seminiphagous insects: Dioryctria abietella Den. et Schiff., Barbara herrichiana Obr., Megastigmus suspectus Borr., Earomyia impossibile Morge and Resseliella piceae Seit. on common silver fir; Ernobius abietis Fabr., Laspeyresia strobillela L. on common spruce, and C. strobilella and Pissodes validirostris Gyll. on Austrian pine cones. Further investigation on the biology, potential of biological control and the effects of crop size are continuing for these seed pests. |